Racial Discrimination, Black Identity, and Critical Consciousness in Spain

Abstract This article analyzes the relationship of racial discrimination on identity and critical consciousness 1369 African Afro-descendant respondents to first nationwide survey conducted in Spain 2020. The not only showed scope experiences based skin color but has also opened way for testing whether these end up affecting black people, Africans, or Afro-descendants, questions included rejection–identification hypothesis. According statistical models obtained by discriminant analysis, helps strengthen identity. Having been discriminated was variable that most differentiated those who self-identified with their country origin from did second predictive self-recognition as a person. But when influences were jointly analyzed, applying structural equation modeling, latter outweighed former: contributes awakening activism. Less clear seems be influence consciousness.